The advent of the Portuguese—the first Europeans to land in India who managed to carve out enclaves of power—showed up the chaotic situation in this vast land. The mighty Mughals were yet to build their empire but they never quite gained mastery over the seas; on the other hand, the colonial empires were built on the strength of the naval power of their home countries.

This book reviews the turbulent period in the history of India from the advent of the Europeans and the gradual establishment of British rule over India upto the nation’s independence from colonial rule.

It also discusses the developments on the socio-economic front, the reform movements, growth of the press, progress of education, besides the economic impact of British rule and the British administrative policies.

It also briefly examines the challenges faced by the country immediately after independence and the notable developments that have taken place under the various governments brought to power by the people exercising their vote.

This revised edition incorporates new information relating to various tribal movements, constitutional developments, workers̓ movements, and personalities associated with the freedom movement.